Electronic documents Essay Example for Free

Electronic documents Essay Before the birth if the World Wide Web, people used to rely solely on written and printed documents on paper. Researches depended on books and journals that can be found in libraries and bookstores. When one needed to look for a source, they would know only one place to look into which are libraries. This has been the traditional way of learning and still continues to become one of the main ways to learn. However, since the birth of the internet, electronic medium have come out and they have been used as sources by most students and scholars. Most users of such technology have enjoyed its services as it offers convenience at most. With a lot more advantages to this new medium, researchers can find different data in just one click and a few seconds. Paper documents have long been used even before the idea of electronic documents was brought up to the minds of people. There was even a time when it was the only medium known to mankind. Before Google and Yahoo, there were only but dictionaries and thesauruses. But why is it that paper documents seem to have been forgotten and buried immediately by its users as soon as electronic sources and the cyberspace arrived? This paper will discuss the advantages and disadvantages of both paper documents and electronic documents. Perhaps readers will become enlightened as to why people have chosen electronic documents over paper documents most of the time. The paper will also be able to show which medium should be used in certain aspects which will depend on the needs of the users, depending on the strengths and weaknesses of both media. ARGUMENTS One of the main reasons why electronic documents are chosen over paper documents nowadays is because of the convenience that it offers. Looking for electronic documents can be done at home as long as you have a computer which is something that almost every home has. Yes, due to the widespread of electronic documents and the students’ preference of such over paper documents, computers have been in demand as well, and are almost a necessity for every student or professional. The convenience that electronic documents offers is far from what paper documents have in store for its users: manual searching and reading, especially when looking for a specific topic. This takes up a lot of time and energy. However, it teaches researchers to research well and not solely rely on instant searches. In line with convenience that electronic sources offer is the summaries and reviews that can be found online or even in word processors. This is a feature that can help users access information faster and have a better understanding on a certain document or topic. However, a fallback of this is that, most of the time researchers rely too much on the summaries and reviews and tend not to read the whole section anymore. This â€Å"shortcut† can either work as an advantage or a disadvantage, depending on the usage of readers. Although a lot of people own computers and laptops, there are still a few who do not. And this is due to the fact that computers can be expensive. An alternative to not owning a personal computer for access to electronic documents is to go to internet shops. However, such services are not free, unlike for paper documents which can be found in different libraries. Most documents that are in paper can be bought, but most of the time, they can be borrowed, which is one advantage over electronic sources. Electronic sources are often questioned of its credibility as there are a lot of sites which can be accessed by anyone, even those who are not experts on areas that they have written about. Take for example sites such as Wikipedia. org and About. com. These sites give fast but unreliable information. But since these sites give complete documents, a lot of researchers settle for them, which becomes a disadvantage for electronic sources. There are also some who claim to be experts but are hard to verify. The main problem with electronic sources is that, people behind the internet are hard to trace which makes it hard to find out whether one site is credible or not. Paper documents however have all the details and information essential to prove that such documents indeed come from credible sources. Most of the time there is a background of the author located inside the book, which proves the credibility of the document. This is done with some electronic sources as well, but in very few. Filing is one of the issues between electronic and paper documents. The problem with paper documents is that they get destroyed in floods, rains and fires. They easily get lost as well, especially if the filing was not very organized. For example, books in libraries can be easily lost if they are misplaced in the wrong shelf. However, electronic sources are easier to manage as they can be found in just one click. Databases will not get destroyed when they get wet or burned, as long as they are stored properly or even uploaded on the internet. The downside of electronic sources on this matter is that viruses can get to different documents saved in a personal computer which will lead to the deletion of such files. Also, there can be a lot of errors that can possibly happen in this technology which might endanger the presence of electronic documents. For example, computers crash for no reason at all and in one click, files can be thrown away and most of them can never be recovered. A major downfall of paper documents is its effects on the environment. Of course, it is common knowledge that papers come from trees. To produce one ton of paper, 17 trees are cut down, so paper documents take a lot out of the environment, not only through trees but also through water. To produce a paperback book, 28 liters of water is consumed, which can be a week supply of water for an individual. These facts only show that papers consume a lot of from the environment which might turn out to be very costly for humans in the future. Although electronic sources have turned out to be very convenient for its readers and users, it has become the opposite for publishers. The internet has a lot of issues as to its legality. There are a lot of illegal downloads which causes authors and publishers to lose credit from their work. The copyrights of different sources are pushed aside as there are a lot of free accesses to different sources and documents. A plus side on paper documents however is that it is highly accessible and very much portable. There are libraries everywhere and money is almost not a requirement. Also, the grammar and spelling is better because paper documents go through rigorous copyediting to ensure the quality of the documents, which in turn, makes it more reliable for the researchers and scholars using such medium. Electronic sources have lower production costs than paper documents. This is because paper documents have to be mass produced individually while electronic sources can reach millions of people in just one site. For example, one book has to have thousands of copies for it to make a mark. However, one source only needs to be posted in one site and needs words of mouth for it to reach a lot of people. This makes the distribution of information through electronic sources faster and easier. Documents that are electronic will be able to last for a long time as there are no storage costs as opposed to paper documents that require a lot of space. Storage costs a lot and so does shipping, and if such documents do not get sold, storage will still need to be paid for, which is why storage time is limited as much as possible. Cyberspace is almost unlimited as it is evolving every day, which is why people can rely on the fact that what they found yesterday will still be in cyberspace the next weeks, months or even years. Although it was discussed earlier that paper documents are portable, electronic documents are more portable since the beginning of diskettes, Compact Discs and Flash Drives. The information that has been researched from the electronic source can now be saved in different storage devices (flash drives are commonly used today). Such devices can be placed in pockets and purses and almost do not weigh anything, as compared with paper documents that have huge masses and sizes that are very difficult to carry around. There are a lot of arguments which have been discussed. It is not easy to weigh the advantages of both medium as they have been very helpful to researchers, students, professionals and those who simply need information. Others may say that paper documents have been outdated a long time ago and electronic documents are the new paper documents in this generation. But there are still some who prefer paper documents over electronic sources which is not so bad since people lived through paper documents way before electronic documents came to life. Bibliography Lunsford, K. (1995). Electronic Texts and the Internet: A Review of The English Server. In K. Lunsford, Computers and the Humanities (pp. 297-305). Springer.

Gluconeogenesis: Fructose 1, 6 Bisphosphatase Deficiency

Gluconeogenesis: Fructose 1, 6 Bisphosphatase Deficiency Ashley Woodin Introduction Fructose-1, 6-bisphosphate is a key regulatory step in gluconeogenesis, as well as many other intracellular metabolic pathways. During gluconeogenesis there is an important process in which there is a conversion of glucose to pyruvate which is known as glycolysis. This process will require three irreversible steps that have a very high negative free energy that is in the forward reaction. So, in order to have a conversion from pyruvate into glucose, the pathway will require the use of enzymes, which will allow the bypassing of these irreversible steps. One of the enzymes that is used in this process is called Fructose 1, 6-bisphosphatase (Kelley, 2006). This step is a very important step in gluconeogenesis, being that it needs to have fructose bisphosphatase to catalyze the conversion of fructose-1, 6-bisphosphate into fructose 6-phospahate, and inorganic phosphate, that without it can block the pathway. Its activity is high regulated by the levels of Adenosine Monophosphate, fructos e 2, 6-bisphosphate and also citrate (Kelley, 2006). When deficiencies are present in this pathway and devoid of this conversion, glycerol into glucose, it will lead to fasting hypoglycemia, lactic acidosis and other physiological conditions. This enzyme is highly active within the liver and the intestines. Therefore, when the liver glycogen stores are no longer available, the physical properties of the body will fight for its homeostasis (Eren, 2013) by converting a three carbon based molecule such as non-carbohydrate precursors, like lactate, glycerol as well as pyruvate, in order to maintain blood glucose levels (Eren, 2013). There is a physiological change in the body there is a need for glucose to be synthesized. When there is a high demand upon glucose synthesizes, the gluconeogenic pathway is increased exponentially. This demand typically occurs during high cardio, pregnancy and lactation (Wallace, 2002). There can also be an increase demand upon gluconeogenesis when the body is in a fasting state (Wallace,2002). Hypoglycemia has a high dependence upon gluconeogenesis formation, because it is the key metabolic pathway which will protect this physiological problem. Moreover, hypoglycemia is a very life-threating situation. Within the gluconeogenesis metabolic pathway, Fructose 1, 6-bisphosphatase is very crucial; as it aids in biochemical reactions and many of the physiological functions of the body. Structure and Properties Fructose 1,6-bisphosphate with six carbon sugar molecules is also known as the Harden-young ester, it has fructose sugars which are phosphorylated on the C1 and C6 (Diwan, 2006). However, before this step can be achieved it needs to start from the beginning in gluconeogenesis. It is important to note that glycolysis and gluconeogenesis are not reversed pathways. It’s clear to see that glycolysis and gluconeogenesis will have a lot of the same enzymes embedded within each other; however these two functional pathways are not the reverse of each other. Moreover, the irreversible steps, that are high exergonic, in glycolysis are bypassed in the gluconeogenesis pathway (Berg JM, 2002). In fact, each of the pathways is so tightly controlled by the intercellular as well as the intracellular signals, and they are highly regulated so that glycolysis and gluconeogenesis will not occur in the same cell at the same time (Berg JM, 2002). Looking at the glyconeogenic pathway the ability to see that there is a conversion of pyruvate into glucose (Berg JM, 2002). These conversions are achieved by Non-carbohydrate precursors of glucose, in which they are either first being converted into pyruvate, or they will enter the pathway at later pathway intermediates like oxaloacetate and dihydroxyacetone phosphate . There are currently three major non-carbohydrate precursors that are looked at, and they are lactate, amino acids, and glycerol. The first (1) precursor stated above is lactate, it has a formation that is by the active skeletal muscle, this occurs at a when the rate of glycolysis has reach its maximum of the oxidative metabolism (Berg JM, 2002). The amino acids with a carbon skeleton (Brandt, 2003) are derived from the amount of proteins that are in the diet, as well as starvation, from the breaking down of the proteins that are housed within the skeletal muscle (Berg JM, 2002). Lastly, the glycerol will obtain fat cells by the hydrolysis of triacylglycerols which wi ll yield glycerol as well as the lipids (Berg JM, 2002). As stated above, before looking at fructose-1,6-bisphosphate the beginning steps in gluconeogenesis needs to be looked at. Biosynthesis. We began synthesis by looking at the glycolysis pathway, there are a lot of enzymes that are used to synthesize glucose from a pyruvate stage. There are three reactions in glycolysis which we termed irreversible (specifically those catalyzed by pyruvate kinase, phosphofructokinase, and hexokinase) are not used in gluconeogenesis synthesis (Selinsky, 2002). These three (3) reactions of Glycolysis have such a large negative delta G in the forward direction that they are essentially irreversible, which is why bypass is used by enzymes in order for them to be synthesize. The delta G will make a determination of the proper direction of the carbon flow through the pathway (Brandt, 2003). Gluconeogenesis needs to be more exergonic, so in order to make that happened six ATPs are consumed (Miles, 2003).The first step or bypass, is by converting 3 carbon pyruvate into 4 carbon intermediate oxaloacetate , biotin-requiring reaction catalyzed (King, 2014), this is called pyruvate carboxylate (Sel insky, 2002). This mitochondrial enzyme will convert the pyruvate into oxaloacetate. Pyruvate carboxylase is a mitochondrial. The biotin is interconnected heavily as it is bound to the amino group covalently on the lysine side chain of the pyruvate carboxylase (Brandt, 2003).   Pyruvate carboxylase catalyzes formation between the biotin (Biotin has a 5-carbon side chain whose terminal carboxyl is in an amide linkage to the e-amino group of a lysine of the enzyme (Diwan, 2007)), and carbon dioxide carbonate by having a covalent bond. When there is a reaction that is ATP- dependent, the carbonate will then be put into action and transferred to the pyruvate substrate, in order to make a molecule oxaloacetate (Brandt, 2003). the high and low amount of concentration of acetyl CoA and ATP will ultimately decide is the oxaloacetic acid will survive or diminish (Ophardt, 2003). If there is a lower amount of acetyl- CoA and higher concentrations of ATP than the pathway will continue (Ophardt, 2003). A Transport of oxaloacetate out of mitochondria Oxaloacetate Malate NADH + H + NAD + Malate Oxaloacetate NADH + H + NAD + Inner mito are seen in this first bypass step. The Using a specific enzyme the Oxaloacetate will now be able to be converted into phosphoenolpyruvate , by the enzyme phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (Selenski, 2005). This Mg ²+ enzyme will require is GTP being the donor for when there is the possibility for a phosphoryl transfer reaction, thus losing the loss of a CO ² molecule. Therefore, within this first step bypass synthesis, the reaction has gone from, phosphoenolpyruvate to pyruvate, and overall one (1) ATP is gained. In returning to phosphoenolpyruvate from pyruvate, the equivalent of 2 ATP must be consumed (Selinsky, 2002). Note that the CO ² that was gained in the pyruvate in the beginning of the pyruvate carboxylase step, has now been loss in the phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase. The second (2) bypass Now, to go from phosphoenolpyruvate to fructose-1, 6-bisphosphate into 6-bisphosphate, with this reaction the same reaction can be used, entirely by the concentrations of substrates and products (Selinsky, 2002). Because the reaction being exponentially endergonic, thus irreversible, the transition from the fructose 6-phosphate uses a catalyst from a different Mg ² + enzyme called the dependent fructose 1, 6-bisphosphatase, (Lehninger, ) This will promote an irreversible hydrolysis at the C-1 phosphate (Lehninger,). This is the third (3) bypass of gluconeogenesis which is the final step and in most tissues gluconeogenesis would end at the fructose 6-phosphate which was generated by fructose 1, 6 bisphosphatase being converted into glucose 6-phosphate. So, basically instead of having free glucose being generated, glucose 6-phosphate would be converted in glycogen ( Tymoczko, 2013). In this final step of gluconeogenesis, free glucose is will take shelter in the liver. Glucose 6-phosphate is then transported into the lumen if the endoplasmic recticulum, thus it is then hydrolyzed to glucose by the glucose 6-phosphatase (Tymoczko, 2013). Note that each of the step reactions that have been achieved, to the formation of glucose from pyruvate is considered energetically unfavorable, unless there are coupling reactions which are favorable (Tymoczko, 2013). In the end of this biosynthesis there are six (6) nucleoside triphosphate molecules that have been hydrolyzed in order to achieved a synthesize of glucose from pyruvate (Tymoczko, 2013). Regulation Gluconeogenesis is highly regulated by a series of regulations. The steps are broken down and now they have to be a regulation in gluconeogenesis. It is obvious that it’s going to have a direct correlation contrast to glycolysis. Consider the first stage in which energy is needed (Tymoczko, 2014). The main site of regulations is seen when the there is a regulation in the activity of PFK-1 and F1,6BPase and this would be the most important site for the controlling of the flux which is toward glucose oxidation or even when there is glucose synthesis. As described in control of glycolysis, this is predominantly controlled by fructose-2,6-bisphosphate, F2,6BP which is a powerful negative allosteric effector of F1,6Bpase activity (King, 2004). â€Å"Acetyl CoA is an allosteric effector of both glycolysis and gluconeogenesis. Acetyl-CoA inhibits pyruvate kinase and reciprocally activates pyruvate carboxylase (Miles,2003). Second, insulin and glucagon are very important when regulating pathway (Wallace,2002). There will be a decline in the response to the glucagon stimulation, when the level of Fructose 2,6 bisphosphate decline in the hepatocytes (King, 2014). Once these signals are stimulated the signals will be excited through an activation of the cAMP-dependent protein kinase (King, 2014). Both the PFK2 and fructose bisphosphatase are present in the 55-kd polypeptide chain (Tymoczko, 2013). here is a substrate enzyme which is bifunctional (King, 2014) which contains a N-terminal regulatory domain (Tymoczko, 2013) being responsible for the synthesis of the hydrolysis of fructose 2, 6- bisphosphate and that is the protein kinase a phosphatase domain. Therefore once the PFK-2 is phosphorylated by PKA it will start to dephosphorlate, by acting as a phosphatase (King, 2014). â€Å"AMP will ultimately enhances the inhibition of Fructose-2,6-BP. Note that these allosteric effectors of fructose-1, 6-bisphosphatase all are allosteric effectors of phosphofructokinase (Miles, 2003). These effectors reciprocally regulate both enzymes. Furthermore, fructose 1, 6-bisphosphase once it’s active, its activity will be highly regulated by the ATP to ADP concentration (Tymoczko, 2014). When this is high then gluconeogenesis can proceed to its highest potential. PROKARYOTES VERSUS EUKARYOTES Gluconeogenesis conversion happens in both the eukaryotic and prokaryotes, however it is very important to know its difference. In eukaryotes the lactate that is formed anaerobically within the muscles will be converted to glucose in liver and kidney, thus being stored as glycogen or even being released as blood glucose (Davis, 2014). In prokaryotes the production of the G3P product of photosynthesis will be converted in a starch form and then further stored in the chloroplasts or even being converted into glucose and sucrose, where it is then exported to the other tissues for starch storage (Davis, 2014). As stated above when it comes to the biosynthesis of all eukaryotes, it is an requirement for survival, because so much of the homeostasis of the body (e.g., the brain and the nervous system),glucose from the blood as the primary fuel source ( Nelson, 2012). Just alone the human brain will require as much as 120 g of glucose with a one day period (Nelson, 2012). When considering eukaryotes gluconeogenesis will primarly occur in the liver and also in the kidney but not much. In prokaryotes the seedlings, will find that it stores the fate and proteins, which are then converted into disaccharide sucrose foe the ability of transport throughout the plant that is developing (Nelson, 2012). â€Å"The glucose and its derivatives are precursors in the synthesis of plant cell walls, nucleotides and coenzymes, and a variety of other essential metabolites† (Nelson, 2012). There are many small organisms that are capable to grow on what are plain organic compounds like acetate, lactate, and propionate. They then will convert to glucose by gluconeogenesis (Nelson, 2012). Defects Pathway Although the pathway may be highly regulated, there are still possibilities for defects to occur. As stated in the beginning of this paper fructose 1, 6-bisphosphatase is very crucial; as it aids in biochemical reactions and many of the physiological functions of the body. In the mechanism of fructose 1, 6- bisphosphatase, there is the Glu98 which will activate a molecule consisting of water. That water molecule will than attack the phosphorus atom on the 1-phosphate of fructose 1,6-bisphosphate (Kelly, 2006).â€Å"The hydrolysis of a phosphate ester can proceed through an intermediate of metaphosphate (dissociative mechanism) or through a trigonal bipryamidal transition state (associative mechanism)† (Kelly, 2006). Fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase which catalyzes the hydrolysis of D-fructose-1,6-bisphosphate (FBP) to D-fructose-6-phosphate (F6P) and inorganic phosphate (Pi), it is the very key to the eyzamatic process of gluconeogenesis (Sato, 2004). phosphofructokinase is also an important catalyze reaction, because it will catalyze the reverse reaction, â€Å"the phosphorylation of F6P during glycolysis, the unidirectional FBPase regulates the flux of sugar metabolism† (Sato,2004). Furthermore, the enzymatic block can lead to the high amount of accumulation of gluconeogenic precursors (e.g. certain amino acids, lactic acid, and ketoacids) (Kelley, 2006). Therefore, when there is a fructose 1,6 bisphosphatase deficiency is an inherited as an autosomal recessive disorder and a person would have what is called a severe lactic acidosis and also with a diagnose of hypoglycemia. Disease Population in the United States In the United States alone about 10 percent of this nations population is diagnosed with hypoglycemia, from the defect in the enzyme fructose 1, 6, bisphosphatase. This disease affects those who are typically obese and or have type 2 diabetes. In order to try and control the diseas population treatments are use, like Metformin. Metformin is an anti-hyperglycemic reagent that has been used in the patients for over the past several years, in obese patients or overweight patients whose blood glucose levels cannot be controlled non-pharmacologically (Salpeter, 2010). â€Å"Fructose 1,6-BPase is a target for the development of drugs in the treatment of non-insulin dependent diabetes, which afflicts over 15 million people in the United States† (Kelley, 2006). Today it is still unknown on how fructose-1, 6 bisphosphatase is genetically inherited, there are still ongoing studies. Some of the ongoing studies that were seen is if Reye syndrome and sudden infant death, have a direct correlation to a defect in this enzyme, however the research still continues. As stated above, the primary target for hypoglycemia is still heavily looked upon in the obese community, and overweight community, because they are more susceptible to getting diabetes. As see fructose 1, 6 bisphosphatase is the key precursor for the gluconeogenesis pathway to occur. It is very important that the sugar intake is watch closely, when children are at a young age. According to a recent study, it is shown that fructose intolerant is seen in late infancy stage and only after they have a dietary ingestion of foods that are containing fructose or sucrose. Foods such as such as fruits, juices are the primary transportantion. The organs commonly affected by fructose bisphosphatase deficiency are liver, kidney cortex and intestinal mucos (Frazier, 2013). Overall Pathway of Gluconeogenesis Now, putting the metabolic pathway all together, Conclusion Fructose 1, 6 bisphosphatase is a very crucial enzyme to the continuance of gluconeogenesis regulation. With the literature that has been conducted, it lays out step by step why this metabolic biosynthesis pathway is vital to eukaryotic and prokaryotic. There are ways to combat this disease, and that is by maintaining a healthy diet. This entail will work to defeat the affects that this has on the population. BIBLIOGRAPHY Brandt, M. Amino Acid Breakdown. 2003. Retrieved from https://www.rose-hulman.edu/~brandt/Chem330/Amino_acid_breakdown.pdf. (Accessed December 5, 2014). Berg JM, Tymoczko JL, Stryer L. Biochemistry. 5th edition. New York: W H Freeman; 2002. Chapter 16, Glycolysis and Gluconeogenesis. Diwan, J. Gluconeogenesis: Regulation of Glycolysis Gluconeogenesis. Retrieved from http://www.rpi.edu/dept/bcbp/molbiochem/MBWeb/mb1/part2/gluconeo.htm#intro. (Accessed December 5, 2014). Frazier D. Glycogen Storage Disease Laboratory. 2013. Retrieved from http://pediatrics.duke.edu/divisions/medical-genetics/biochemical-genetics-laboratory/glycogen-storage-disease-laboratory/tes-8. (accessed on December 5, 2014) 2014). King, M. Gluconeogenesis: Endogenous Glucose Synthesis. 2014. Retrieved from http://themedicalbiochemistrypage.org/gluconeogenesis.php#. (Accessed December 5, 2014). Kelley, M. Fructose 1-6 Bisphosphatase. Retrieved from http://faculty.uca.edu/mkelley/4121 Web pages/Student_Webpages_2006/Aanu ogunbanjo web things/The webbie.html. (Accessed December 5, 2014). UC Davis. 2013. Gluconeogenesis. Retrieved from http://www-plb.ucdavis.edu/courses/bis/105/lectures/Gluconeogenesis.pdf. (Accessed December 5, 2014). Lehniger, Nelson, and Cox. Principles of Biochemistry. 2002. Retrieved from http://www.irb.hr/users/precali/Znanost.o.Moru/Biokemija/Literatura/Lehninger Principles of Biochemistry, Fourth Edition David L. Nelson, Michael M. Cox.pdf. (accessed on December 5, 2014). Miles, B. Gluconeogenesis. 2003. Retrieved from https://www.tamu.edu/faculty/bmiles/lectures/gluconeogenesis.pdf. (Accessed December 5, 2014). Ophart, C. Glycogenesis, Glycogenolysis, and Gluconeogenesis. 2003. Retrieved from http://www.elmhurst.edu/~chm/vchembook/604glycogenesis.html. (Accessed December 5, 2014). Selinsky, B. Biosynthesis: Gluconeogenesis. 2005. Retrieved from http://www22.homepage.villanova.edu/barry.selinsky/CHM%204622/Carbohydrate%20II%20M16%2005.pdf. (Accessed December 5, 2014). Salpeter SR. Risk of fatal and nonfatal lactic acidosis with metformin use in type 2 diabetes mellitus. Retrieved from http://www.bibliotecacochrane.com/pdf/CD002967.pdf. (Accessed December 5, 2014). Wallace C., Barritt G. Gluconeogenesis. 2002. Encyclopedia of life sciences: p:1-8. (Accessed December 5, 2014).

Healthy Eating and Exercise for Pregnant Women

Healthy Eating and Exercise for Pregnant Women Introduction It is undeniable that pregnancy is one of the toughest periods women go through in their lives. Pregnancy is characterized by hormonal imbalances, which not only affects the moods of women also their appetite and cravings. It also affects the way women live, what they do, and how they do it. However, as Wolfe AL Davies, G. (2003) explains, eating appropriately and keeping one’s body physically fit is among the most important strategies with which to keep safe and healthy pregnancies. Essentially, good nutrition or rather eating healthy during pregnancy does contribute enormously in the development of healthy babies. Eating healthy during pregnancy entails the consumption of foods that are rich in a wide range of valuable nutrients including iodine, iron, vitamins, and folate among others. On the other hand, keeping fit and maintaining appropriate body weights, particularly by engaging in recommendable physical exercises is an important strategy with which to make women feel better during pregnancies. Doing (and not overdoing) exercises during pregnancy has numerous benefits to both the expectant mother and the child among them reduced labor periods, easier child delivery, faster recovery after child delivery, and better development of the fetus. Hence, this paper will use legitimate article reviews to extensively analyze healthy eating as well as appropriate exercising for pregnant women. The paper will address the various nutrients and their sources (required foods), and their benefits to pregnant women and the unborn children. It will equally analyze some of the foods that pregnant women should avoid in order to keep their pregnancies healthy. The paper will as well discuss the types of exercises that pregnant women should engage in as well as avoid on the verge to keep them and their unborn children healthy and safe. Healthy Eating For Pregnant Women Many at times, pregnant women, especially during the first trimester of their pregnancy, suffer from anorexia or lack of appetite. However, it is a given that women ought to choose a wide variety of foods in order to meet their nutritional needs and those of their unborn children during pregnancy. They are recommended to eat foods that contain the right amounts and varieties of nutrients on each day of their pregnancy. Because they often experience decreased appetite levels, pregnant women may at times need supplements for specific minerals and vitamins in order to keep them and their babies safe and healthy (Devine, Olson Bove, 2000). Certainly, nutrients are necessary for the sustainability of pregnant women and effective development of the unborn children and that is why easting healthy is a mandatory requirement for all pregnant women. The consumption of a wide variety of highly nutritious foods also helps to keep pregnant women and their children healthy, more so during a perio d when their (pregnant women’s) bodies need more nutrients to sustain two or more lives. Referring to Franko, Herzog, Becker, Flores, Greenwood, Delinsky Blais, (2014), pregnant women are recommended by dieticians to eat healthy by consuming a wide variety of fruits and vegetables to acquire adequate amounts of vitamins for enhance immunity. They are as well recommended to increase their intake of grains and/or cereals to at least eight meals each day, especially wholegrain and foods with high fibre content. Pregnant women should as well increase their consumption of foods that are rich in iron such as red meat, which helps to increase the level of red blood cells and that consequently reduces the prevalence of anemia among pregnant women. In addition, pregnant women needs to eat foods that are rich calcium such as milk, yoghurt, and cheese, which helps in the development of stronger bones for both the mother and unborn children. It is as well recommended that pregnant women take plenty of water of between 750 and 1000 ml on each day. Pregnant women should as well avoid eating foods and drinks that have high levels of fats and saturated sugars. Pregnant women should as well avoid eating raw foods, especially red meet seafood; as such food increases their vulnerability to being contaminated with such bacteria as salmonella, coliform, and toxoplasmosis which causes infections that are not only harmful to mothers but also the unborn children. Moreover, pregnant women should avoid taking deli meat, which is known for having listeria, a component responsible for increased probability of miscarriages. During pregnancy, women and the unborn children undergo various physiological changes and developments, which make them, have an exponentially growing demand for extra nutrients. Therefore, eating healthy from all the major food categories, which are carbohydrates, vitamins, proteins, and fats, is vital. However, throughout the first trimester of pregnancy, the energy requirement of women remains the same as before they conceived, and that makes the consumption of extra food at this stage of pregnancy unnecessary. Nonetheless, the energy requirement of pregnant women increases as the pregnancy develops into the second and the third trimesters. As a result, pregnant women are fortified to increase their intake of carbohydrates or grain foods so that they meet their energy requirements at these two stages of pregnancy development. Basically, they are recommended to eat about two and a half extra serves of grain foods during their second and third trimesters. Pregnant women should equal ly increase their intake for other nutrients such as vitamins and proteins appropriately on the verge to meet the changing demands of nutrients in entirety in their bodies during the last two trimesters of their pregnancy (Thornton, Kieffer, Salabarrà ­a-Peà ±a, Odoms-Young, Willis, Kim Salinas, 2006). Folic Acid and Pregnancy Folic Acid, also known as folate, comprises of B-group vitamins is an important food component for pregnant women. Folate helps in protecting the development of unborn-children against neutral tube defects, and that makes it important that all women take enough of this component during pregnancy. As Polley, Wing Sims (2002) points out, medical practitioners and nationalists recommend that pregnant women, more so during their first trimester, ought to take supplements of folic acid that contains a minimum of 400 micrograms of folate on daily basis. Additionally, pregnant women are recommended to constantly consume foods that are naturally rich in folic acid and/or those that are fortified with folate. Some the foods that are naturally rich in Folic Acid are chick peas, lentils, spinach, dried beans, cabbage, cauliflower, oranges, parsley, wheat germ, potatoes, tomatoes, unsalted peanuts, and salmon among others. It is equally important to note that in as much as liver has high conten t of folic acid, it equally has high content of vitamin A, and that makes it inappropriate for pregnant women. Iron and Pregnancy Pregnant women require increased iron content in their bodies for their sustainability as well as healthy development of their unborn children. Essentially, children draw enough iron to sustain them for upto five to six months after delivery from their mothers during pregnancy (Lobel, Cannella, Graham, DeVincent, Schneider Meyer, 2008). Although pregnant women have minimum loss of iron from their bodies as they do not menstruate during pregnancy, the level of iron in their bodies is often not enough to sustain them and their unborn children. Therefore, it is of utmost importance that pregnant women consume foods that are rich in iron on daily basis. Among the iron-enriched foods that are recommended for pregnant women are well cooked red meat, dried beans, lentils, green leafy vegetables, seafood, and chicken. Furthermore, nutritionists have found that iron from animal sources are often readily absorbed by the body, hence are recommended over iron from plants. However, some women ar e vegetarians; thus, they should eat plant sources of iron alongside other foods that contain vitamin C such as oranges as this vitamin enhances the absorption of iron from plant sources by the body. Lack of iron in a woman’s body, especially during pregnancy leads to anemia; hence, pregnant women are recommended to take at least 27 mg of iron per day. In case a pregnant woman may not be able to take the recommended amount of iron daily, she should take iron supplements in order to boost the level of this important nutrient in their bodies. Iodine and Pregnancy Mottola, Giroux, Gratton, Hammond, Hanley, Harris Sopper, (2010) states that iodine is one of the most important minerals for pregnant women because it helps in the production of thyroid hormone, which is fundamental for growth and development of the fetus/unborn children. Inadequate intake of iodine during pregnancy does increase the vulnerability to mental disorders and cretinism among the newborns (Mottola et al., 2010). Foods that are iodine-enriched include seaweed and seafood, eggs, dairy products, and meat. Iodized salts are also good sources of iodine, though they should not be consumed uncooked. Because of the importance of iodine for a pregnant woman and her child, it is recommended that they take a minimum of 150 micrograms of iodine each day throughout their pregnancy and breastfeeding. Exercises for Pregnant Women Referring to Wolfe AL Davies (2003), exercises are important for pregnant women because they not only helps them to adapt faster with their changing body weights and shape during and after pregnancy but also help them cope with labor pains. Pregnant women are recommended o keep their bodies physically active on daily basis by engaging in such exercises as running, dancing, yoga, and even walking. Exercises during pregnancy are often not harmful; rather, they help in minimizing complications that usually arise in the later stages of pregnancy. In as much as exercising is important during pregnancy, women who were not physically active before they became pregnant should not suddenly engage in strenuous exercises as that may affect them and their children. Pregnant women considered physically active before are encourages to engage in at least a half an hour walk on daily basis. Pregnant women are also cautioned against lying flat on their backs during pregnancy, especially after the 16th week of their pregnancy, as the weight of their bump does press on their main blood vessels to bring blood back to their heart, and that increases their vulnerability to fainting. Pregnant women are also discouraged to participate in contact sports that have increased risk of being hit such as kickboxing and squash. Omen are also cautioned against exercising on grounds that are over 2,500 meters above the sea level as they together with their unborn babies are at increased risk of contracting altitude sicknesses (Devine et al., 2000). Engaging in appropriate forms of physical exercises during pregnancies helps women to strengthen their muscles to enable them carry their increasing body weigh due to pregnancy. Appropriate exercises equally make pregnant women to have stronger joints, improved blood flow or circulations, eased backaches, and generally make them feel better during pregnancies. The Stomach-Strengthening Exercises As the unborn child develops, the hollow in the lower back of pregnant women increases, a factor that gives them backaches. In order to reduce the prevalence of backaches among pregnant women, the abdominal exercises or exercises that strengthen the stomach muscles are recommended. Pregnant women who need to strengthen their stomach muscles should sit with their knees under their hips and hands beneath their shoulders, and with their fingers facing forward and abdomen lifted high to keep their backs upright. They should then pull their stomach muscles while simultaneously raising their backs towards the ceiling in order to curl their trunk and allow their heads to relax forward. They should then hold in that position for few seconds before returning to their original position. They should repeat this procedure five to seven times per exercising session (Franko et al., 2014). The Pelvic Tilt Exercises Pelvic exercises are as well important for pregnant women because they help strengthen the pelvic muscles, which serve as the door for the delivery of children. While conducting a pelvic tilt exercise, a pregnant woman should stand with her shoulder and bottom against the wall and with her knees soft, she should pull her tummy towards the spine to make her back flatten against the wall. She should maintain that position for at about five seconds and the repeat the procedure approximately ten times. The Pelvic Floor Exercises The pelvic floor exercises are important for pregnant women because it helps to strengthen the pelvic floor muscles, which undergo massive strains during pregnancy and child delivery. Weak pelvic floors during pregnancy make women uncomfortable as they often leak urine when coughing, sneezing, or experiencing any strains (also called stress incontinence). Strengthening pelvic floor muscles reduces stress incontinence during and after pregnancy. Conclusion In conclusion of the above, eating healthy and engaging in physical exercises is important for pregnant women. Eating healthy involves consuming foods that are rich in a variety of nutrients such as vitamins, carbohydrates, and proteins. Among the most important nutrients needed during pregnancy are iodine, iron, and folic acid. Exercises are equally important in keeping pregnant women fit and consequently able to cope with the changing body shape and weight while pregnant. Pregnant women should also engage in stomach-strengthening exercises, the pelvic tilt exercises, and the pelvic floor exercises. References Devine, C. M., Olson, C. M., Bove, C. F. (2000). The continuity and change in weight orientations of women and their lifestyle practices through pregnancy as well as the postpartum period: the influence of life course trajectories as well as transitional events. Social Science Medicine, 50(4), 567-582. Franko, D. L., Herzog, D. B., Becker, A. E., Flores, A. T., Greenwood, D. N., Delinsky, S. S., Blais, M. A. (2014). The pregnancy complications as well as neonatal outcomes among women with eating disorders. Lobel, M., Cannella, D. L., Graham, J. E., DeVincent, C., Schneider, J., Meyer, B. A. (2008). Pregnancy-specific, prenatal health behaviors, and birth outcomes. Health Psychology, 27(5), 604. Mottola, Giroux, Gratton, R., Hammond,., Hanley, A., Harris, S., Sopper, M. M. (2010). Nutrition exercise prevent excess weight gain in overweight pregnant women. Medicine and science in sports and exercise, 42(2), 265. Polley, B. A., Wing, R. R., Sims, C. J. (2002). Randomized controlled prevent excessive weight gain in pregnant women. International journal of obesity and related metabolic disorders: journal of the International Association for the Study of Obesity, 26(11), 1494-1502. Thornton, P. L., Kieffer, E. C., Salabarrà ­a-Peà ±a, Y., Odoms-Young, A., Willis, S. K., Kim, H., Salinas, M. A. (2006). Weight, diet, physical activity-related beliefs and practices among pregnant and postpartum Latino women: the role of social support. Maternal and child health journal, 95-104. Wolfe, L. A., AL Davies, G. (2003). Canadian guidelines for exercise in pregnancy. Clinical obstetrics and gynecology, 46(2), 488-495.

Summary of Beowulf Attacks Grendels Mother :: Anglo Saxon English Literature Essays

Summary of Beowulf Attacks Grendel's Mother The epic story of Beowulf is about a young hero who fights in battles against the monster Grendel and his mother and later concerns Beowulf's final fight with a dragon. Beowulf is the prince of the Geats. He is also the son of Ecgtheow, who travels to Heorot where the great mead hall of Hrothgar king of the Danes, is located. Hrothgar, is the great grandson of Scyld Scefing. In this passage Beowulf goes underwater and fights with Grendel's mother in a cave. During his descent to her lair, Beowulf is attacked by Grendel's mother and dragged to her cave. He tries to hit her with his sword but he does not succeed in piercing her skin. In rage and frustration Beowulf attacks her with his bare hands. He manages to knock down Grendel's mother, however, she is swift and manages to fight back and ends up sitting on top of him. With her dagger she desperately tries to kill Beowulf, but his armor protects him from her attacks. Beowulf then spots a large sword made by giants on the wall of the cave and throws Grendel's mother off him and grabs the sword. The sword Beowulf finds is amazing. It has a very ornamented handle called a hilt and the blade is bigger than the average sword. Beowulf strikes Grendel's mother with the sword slicing her in two and splitting her collarbones. After the attack, a light illuminates the cave, "just as from the sky heaven's candle shines clear." (Norton 47) Beowulf notices Grendel's body and he instantaneously cuts off the monster's head to present it to Hrothgar. The blade of Beowulf's new sword then begins to melt because the blood is too hot and poisonous for it. Beowulf notices all the great treasures in the cave but he does not take any of them. He swims to shore with Grendel's head in one hand and holding the hilt with the other. He is then received by his fellow warriors who are waiting in hope to see Beowulf again. Four warriors carry Grendel's head to Heorot where the victory will be celebrated. The head is carried around as a trophy for all to view in the great mead hall of Hrothgar. Summary of Beowulf Attacks Grendel's Mother :: Anglo Saxon English Literature Essays Summary of Beowulf Attacks Grendel's Mother The epic story of Beowulf is about a young hero who fights in battles against the monster Grendel and his mother and later concerns Beowulf's final fight with a dragon. Beowulf is the prince of the Geats. He is also the son of Ecgtheow, who travels to Heorot where the great mead hall of Hrothgar king of the Danes, is located. Hrothgar, is the great grandson of Scyld Scefing. In this passage Beowulf goes underwater and fights with Grendel's mother in a cave. During his descent to her lair, Beowulf is attacked by Grendel's mother and dragged to her cave. He tries to hit her with his sword but he does not succeed in piercing her skin. In rage and frustration Beowulf attacks her with his bare hands. He manages to knock down Grendel's mother, however, she is swift and manages to fight back and ends up sitting on top of him. With her dagger she desperately tries to kill Beowulf, but his armor protects him from her attacks. Beowulf then spots a large sword made by giants on the wall of the cave and throws Grendel's mother off him and grabs the sword. The sword Beowulf finds is amazing. It has a very ornamented handle called a hilt and the blade is bigger than the average sword. Beowulf strikes Grendel's mother with the sword slicing her in two and splitting her collarbones. After the attack, a light illuminates the cave, "just as from the sky heaven's candle shines clear." (Norton 47) Beowulf notices Grendel's body and he instantaneously cuts off the monster's head to present it to Hrothgar. The blade of Beowulf's new sword then begins to melt because the blood is too hot and poisonous for it. Beowulf notices all the great treasures in the cave but he does not take any of them. He swims to shore with Grendel's head in one hand and holding the hilt with the other. He is then received by his fellow warriors who are waiting in hope to see Beowulf again. Four warriors carry Grendel's head to Heorot where the victory will be celebrated. The head is carried around as a trophy for all to view in the great mead hall of Hrothgar.

Benevolent Assimilation: The American Conquest of the Philippines, 1899

Benevolent Assimilation: The American Conquest of the Philippines, 1899-1903 Miller provides an account of the American-Philippines war from 1899-1903, revealing aspects of United States imperialism that are often forgotten. Miller provides both a military history as well as a demonstration of the way America lied and forgot its history, justifying war and colonization as a step for greater good. America's involvement in the Philippines is sometimes remembered as an act to protect Filipino's from Spain, and to "teach' them American democracy. Other historians look to the war as a part of American imperialism linked to its capitalist and racist nature. Many other historians argue that imperialism was a short lived mistake in American history that was just one stumble in the country's greatness. Miller's account shows, in great detail, the slipperiness of events which happened, and the ways in which individuals can hold the power of nations. Generally America's conquest of the Philippines is understood to be motivated by the expansion of democracy. The Unit ed States was already actively expanding and conquering land and people, but for the most part they were doing so in regions thought to be geographically logical. Expanding to the west was not considered colonization, but once the U.S. reached the far away islands of the Philippines, their actions seemed to need a larger explanation to be justified. The United States moving beyond its natural proximity made the Philippines a more problematic site, and therefore easier to understand as an act of imperialism. Miller argues that when the United States was just beginning to get involved in the Philippines few people new anything about the islands. There were no intention... ...d Beveridge, the anti-imperialists were letting the people off the hook and in their own way preserving the American sense of innocence†¦If anything, they seemed to take their cues from their leader in the White House by first putting out of mind all the sordid episodes in the conquest, and then forgetting the entire war itself (253). The United States conquest of the Philippines and the ways it is remembered is one aspect of this countries history of imperialism. This war stems out of energy left from the Civil War, the United States competition with Spain, and later feeds into the Vietnam War. This story is all too reflective of the current situation in Iraq and the war on terrorism. According to Miller, the United States hides its imperialism behind the name of democracy and civilization, claiming to act for the better of people "unable" to govern themselves.

Chalk Dust, Cinnamon Spice and Coffee Ground as Insect Repellants Essay

BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY: There are several household problems we and our helpers encounter at home. These may be issues regarding food supply and storage, cleanliness and sanitation. One of the most common problems is the presence of household ants, especially the red ones, causing a disturbance in our own system of food storage. Red household ants do not only infest stored food in the kitchen but also bite our skin and destroy well- landscaped gardens by building ant hills. Because of this observation, we decided on conducting a study that would eliminate ants with the use of alternative substances that can also be found at home. With this study, we will not only discover other uses and benefits of household waste products but also provide new ways of promoting clean and sanitized homes by eliminating insects. Once proven effective, chalk dust which is one waste product in the classroom, will also be of good use at home. OBJECTIVE: The study aims to find more possible uses of household waste products aside from remaining as garbage such as coffee grounds, and discover further and effective use of chalk dust. Also, we aim to eliminate household insect especially ants that would cause a nuisance in our kitchen. DEFINITION OF TERMS: Talcum Powder- an ingredient in both chalk and baby powder, and is a natural ant repellant. Brewed Coffee- coffee produced from a process with the use of coffee maker wherein hot water drips onto coffee grounds held in a coffee filter made of paper, plastic, or perforated metal, allowing the water to seep through the ground coffee while extracting its oils and essences. The liquid drips through the coffee and the filter into a carafe or pot, and the spent grounds are retained in the filter. Coffee ground- is the used bitter powdered coffee that remains in a pot or coffee-maker after brewing your  coffee. HYPOTHESIS: All three substances tested will give significant results in repelling ants. VARIABLES: INDEPENDENT| CONTROLLED| * 50 grams of coffee ground * 50 grams of cinnamon spice * 50 grams of chalk dust| * Similar area where the three experiments will be conducted, same length * The same ant pathway where the substances will be placed * 1-3 tbsp. of sugar | Resulting Variable: Time it takes for the ants to move away from the repellants CHAPTER II RELATED LITERATURE Ant and Its Symbolism â€Å"Chinese consider and identified ant as the â€Å"righteous insect† and attribute orderliness, virtue and patriotism. On the other hand, Muslims consider the ant as the earthly teacher of Solomon and an embodiment of wisdom.† (Retrieved from http://sherryandrea.com/ant-symbolism-and-meaning/) http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/1570-ant-in-jewish-literature-the: â€Å"In the Old Testament, the Ant is referred to as some harvesting species which are to this day found in Syria and all around the Mediterranean basin. These species wherever they are found, as the latest investigations of naturalists have proved, lay up stores for the winter. In the Tamuldic Literature, The ant was mentioned being experimented by Simon ben Halafta to ascertain whether they inhabit without a ruler. Also, it was mentioned that ants procure food. There were also statements in the Book of Proverbs where it is pointed out that the wisdom of the Creator is manifested in the fitness of the body and wonderful life of the Ant.† â€Å"From a purely scientific point of view, the Ant is treated by Gershon ben  Solomon, in his work, â€Å"Sha’ar ha-Shamayim.† The Ant, he says, gathers its wheat in the harvest, biting off the germs of the grains in order to prevent them from sprouting and thus preserving them from rotting- a fact verified by recent observation. The Ant, he says further, is proportionately the strongest of all creatures, being able to carry from two to four times its own weight. Moreover, it can move both ways, forward and backward.† History of Brewing Coffee In the early history of coffee, the coffee beans were dried and eaten. By the 16th century, coffee was roasted before being ground and boiled in water. The entire resulting mixture of liquid and grounds would be consumed. The invention of the Ibrik (A small pot used in brewing and serving Turkish coffee that was invented in the late 16th century.) allowed for a more skillful technique of brewing. In the 18th century, the French developed the drip brewing technique wherein coffee is produced by using a cloth bag as a filter to separate grounds from the liquid coffee. This technique allowed for steeping the coffee at a lower temperature as it was not brewed while constantly adding heat. (Retrieved from http://coffee.wikia.com/wiki/Brewing) Chalk in Prehistoric Times As found in nature, chalk has been used for drawing since prehistoric times, when, according to archaeologists, it helped to create some of the earliest cave drawings. Later, artists of different countries and styles used chalk mainly for sketches, and some such drawings, protected with shellac or a similar substance, have survived. Chalk was first formed into sticks for the convenience of artists. The method was to grind natural chalk to a fine powder, then add water, clay as a binder, and various dry colors. The resultant putty was then rolled into cylinders and dried. Although impurities produce natural chalk in many colors, when artists made their own chalk they usually added pigments to render these colors more vivid. Carbon, for example, was used to enhance black, and ferric oxide (Fe 2 O 3 ) created a more vivid red. CHAPTER III METHODOLOGY 1. Gather the variables needed. You can find cinnamon spice in your kitchen. If not, you may use any spice available (e.g. pepper, black pepper, garlic). Collect coffee grounds after brewing coffee with the use of a coffee maker. Collect chalk dust from other classrooms. Measure the quantity and make sure that each one reaches the same amount- 50 grams. 2. Choose an area at home where you can find an ants’ pathway and measure its length. This will also be one of the controlled variables in the experiment. 3. Make sure that there are ants present. If none, place a few pinches of sugar or food crumbs to attract the ants. 4. Once the ants are present, choose among the three substances to be placed first along the path and put it evenly making a thin line. 5. Record the time it takes for the ants to leave the place. 6. Repeat steps three to five with the use of the other two substances and record the results on the Table of Data and Observation below. You may also take pictures du ring the experiment.

The Accounting Equation

Accounting is founded on the basic equation that states a company’s Assets equal their total Liabilities plus their total Owner’s Equity . This equation is summarized as ALOE . This isthe basis of the Balance Sheet. Assets are the company’s furniture, fixtures and equipment, physical property, intellectual property and other resources. These properties include the physical land as well as the equipmentand building improvements on the property.A company’s liabilities are all of the obligations that the company has incurred. Thecompany has to service these liabilities by making payments on them. These payments may takethe form of cash income or may be sourced from loaned monies. If they borrow money, this is anadditional liability. Liability is â€Å"money owed; debts or pecuniary obligations† (Dictionary. com,2009). Liabilities offset assets in the equation that is the Balance Sheet.Owner’s Equity, also known as owner’s/shareholder†™s equity, is the final variable in theequation. When liabilities are subtracted from assets, the remaining balance is the owner’s equity. The term owner’s equity is used for privately owned companies. If the business is an incorporatedentity which issued common stock in exchange for a percentage of company ownership, then theowner’s equity is termed owner’s/shareholder’s equity.Cash, stocks and retained earnings are allowner’s/shareholder’s equity. E1-1 Urlacher Company provides the following accounting service tasks each year. Communication – Analysis and interpretation of financial data. Communication – Interpretation of meaning, uses and limits of financial data. Communication – Compiling a summary of financial events. Communication – Accounting report preparation. Recording – Maintaining a linear, chronological record of financial data.